The following were the number of industries, the number of hands employed, and the amount of capital invested in such industries in each district at the end of , together with the percentage of increase of each, omitting fractions, during the previous five years Of the hands employed 23, were males and 2, were females. Of the females 1, were employed in woollen mills, boot, clothing, hat and cap, and stocking-weaving factories. The importance of any industry may be gauged either by the number of works in that class, the number of hands employed, the value of the capital invested in land, buildings, and machinery, or the value of the products.
The following were some of the most important industries, having regard to the hands employed and capital invested. They are arranged in the order of magnitude as to number The relative importance of these industries in regard to the average number of hands employed in each of the works in each class, the aggregate value of the products in each class, the average value of the products for each of the works and also per hand employed, and the average capital per work, are shown in the following table Printing Establishments. Agricultural-implement Manufactories. As the value of products was not in any case obtained for the year ,no comparison with the value of produce in that year can be made.
Ship- and Boat-building. Woollen Factories. The increase has been from 4 factories in to 6 in , and from males and females to males and females employed. This, however, only represents the produce of four factories, as two started in Two other factories, one in Auckland and one in "Wellington, were in course of construction in March, The latter is now in full work.
Boot and Shoe Factories. The hands employed amounted to 1, in the former year and 1, in the latter.
Clothing Factories. Cheese and Butter Factories. They numbered 36 in , and employed hands. The produce for from 33, for 3 were not in operation during that year, amounted to tons of cheese, ,lbs. This industry may therefore be deemed as just holding its ground as regards quantity of produce, but lessening in the number of works. The number of hands employed has increased from to 1,, and the annual output from , to , tons. In 35 collieries the coal worked was lignite ; of these, 31 were in Otago. Of the in , 9 were not in operation at all during As the imports of flour in were less by nearly 6, centals l00 lbs.
The mills produced 4, tons of Hour, and 12, tons of meal, more in than in In The quantity of beer made in was 4,, gallons, or less by , gallons than the quantity in The production in was equivalent to 9. The total consumption of beer in was thus 1. The returns from the 35 malthouses gave the production in at , bushels.
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The quantities, however, appear to have been largely understated, as in addition to the above consumption which, after deducting the imports, amounted to , As the exports in the previous year amounted to over 51, bushels there could hardly have been any large stock in hand to account for this difference. The actual production of malt in the colony must therefore have been nearer , bushels than , The total number was ; of these, were carried on by single proprietors in their own boats.
Although designated as fisheries, the description might more properly have been -number of single persons employed in fishing on their own account. In addition, 9 boats with 21 dredges were used for oyster-dredging in the southern part of the colony. There has been an increase on the numbers in of 78 institutions, members, and 93, volumes. The following exhibits the increase or decrease in each provincial district between and Places of Worship.
The increase in the number of buildings used for public worship has been at the rate of The enumeration of the aboriginal native population in was attempted on a more ambitious scale than on any former occasion. In the previous censuses of , , and an attempt was made to obtain the bare numbers of each sex of each tribe under and over 15 years of age. It seemed desirable in to obtain more precise information as to the ages of the several members of the race, and also to obtain supplemental information of the number of each kind of stock kept by them and of the extent of their cultivations.
Although much valuable information has been obtained, yet the result on the lines laid down has been only a partial success, as the suspicion entertained by very many of the Maoris as to the motives of the Government for taking the census especially of the return of cultivations and of stock is still a powerful factor against a complete enumeration. In taking the census, visits were not in all cases paid to each Maori residence, but much of the information required was obtained from selected members of the race. This practice among Europeans would naturally be regarded with great distrust as to the value of the results; but not so in the case of the Maoris, who, accustomed to transmit their legends and histories orally from one generation to another, and with whom the details of the members of their tribes have more importance than would be the case among civilised races, can be relied upon for the remembrance of details of a kind that would be easily forgotten by people of higher cultivation.
As far as possible the names of the several members of the race were obtained; but for the purpose of future reference the value of the information as a record is much impaired in consequence of the practice of changing the name that obtains among them. The majority of those officers of the Native Department who superintended the collection of the census in their several districts concur in the opinion that the enumeration was as nearly correct as could be expected; but in the West Taupo County, where the King Natives reside, and also in the Taranaki District, where the followers of Te Which congregate, it was admittedly very imperfect.
Anything like a correct statement of the numbers of these two sections of the race will be an impossibility until the fanaticism existing among them has died away and all barriers of isolation have been withdrawn by a better appreciation on their part of the desire of the dominant European race for their real welfare. The number of the aboriginal race in , including the residents in the Chatham Islands, was, according to the census returns, 44, ; and in , 41,a decrease of 2, The number 41, is in excess of the number given in the return published by the Native Department; but during the detailed compilation in this office it has been observed that the Chatham Island Natives and the Maori women married to Europeans given in the European census schedules were not included, and that a small body of Natives had been omitted by one of the Enumerators.
The decrease above shown of over two thousand since bears out the remarks of the several census superintending officers that there was on the whole a decrease of the Natives within their districts. In one district it was stated there was an increase of 44 ; and, in another, that the population has been holding its own-a small set-off against the want of increase or the absolute decrease noted in other districts. The general inattention to sanitary habits has a great and injurious effect upon their numbers. One officer in his report stated thus : " A considerable number of children are born to them ; but, alas, how few pass through the first stages of infancy!
Improper food, exposure, want of ordinary care and cleanliness, constitutions of the parents debilitated by past debauchery, and last, not least, the tohunga, are answerable for this, the most enlightened of them preferring to place their sick in the hands of the native doctor tohunga to applying to the medical officer of the district until the patient is reduced to such a state as to be almost past help.
Kauri-gum-digging is alleged to be a fruitful source of disease, living as the Natives do when at that employment without sufficient shelter or means of drying their wet clothing. There is, on the other hand, a marked decrease in their general drinking habits, this result having been apparently owing to the exertions of influential members of their own race who have realised the serious consequences of indulging in habits of intemperance. The constitution of the race has been deemed to have been enfeebled and rendered less capable of resisting disease by the practice of intermarriage between members of the same tribe or subtribe.
Now that intertribal wars are things of the past, the reasons for maintaining this practice no longer have weight, and the beneficial results of a departure therefrom are strikingly set forth by two of the Native officers.
One, Mr. James Booth, of Gisborne, remarked: "It is very noticeable that where there have been intermixtures by marriage of people of distinct tribes the children of such marriages are more numerous and robust in health ; whereas, on the other hand, where people of the same hapu have intermarried, the case is reversed.
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Another, Mr. Maunsell, of Grey town, stated : " There have been more children born within the last two years : this is due largely to marriages with women of distant tribes ; such prove fruitful, and the progeny health'. Such marriages Maoris now recognise as being a means of staying their hitherto decline. The members of the various hapus and subtribes have been given respectively as members of certain principal tribes, the same list of principal tribes having been adopted that was given in the census volume for The selection of the designated principal tribes was made by Mr.
Henry Tacy Clarke when he held the office of Under-Secretary for Native Affairs; he, from his knowledge of Maori history and traditions, having been deemed a reliable authority on the subject. The number of subtribes and hapus given in of which the names did not appear in the returns for necessitated a reference back to the various Native officers for the purpose of allocating the various members according to the several principal tribes from which they were descended, and to which they should belong.
This resulted in some differences of opinion as to which were the principal tribes, and also to which of these tribes some hapus properly belonged ; and also great difficulties were experienced in the allocation on account of members of one hapu, and properly descended from one tribe, electing to belong to another to which that hapu does not belong, but with members of which some of their predecessors had intermarried, if they thought the maternal tribe one that conferred the greater honour.
As a result of these differences the numbers given as belonging to the principal tribes in will not in all cases compare with the numbers in for the purpose of estimating the increase or decrease of such tribes. Of all the principal tribes the numbers given for the Ngapuhi only, in and , seem at all comparable. The numbers of this tribe in were 5,, in 5,, showing a decrease of It is even doubtful if the totals of the numbers of all tribes in the two years -viz.
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The fuller information as to ages may be of service in considering the question of the decrease of the race. For the purpose of a comparison with the results of the census in , all those whose ages were given have been thrown into groups of under or over Of the 41, members of the Maori race enumerated, 22, were males and 19, were females. The proportion, of females was thus This was less than the similar proportion among the European and other portion of the population, which was The difference between the two rates might not be deemed sufficiently great to be of importance unless the different conditions of the two peoples were considered.
The excess of males in the European portion has been caused by a large excess in the arrivals of adult males over females; but in the younger portion of that population under 20 years of age the proportion was males to 99 females. The Maori race is not affected by addition to its numbers from an outside source, and the smaller number of females is due to a greater mortality among the females than among the males.
As the deaths of the Maoris are not registered it is impossible to state at what period of life this greater mortality chiefly occurs, but it is evident that it also materially affects the proportion living under 20, as of those Maoris whose ages were given the males under 20 were in the proportion of to 87 females.
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There was thus at this period of life a deficiency of 12 females to every males to bring the proportion equal to that which obtained among the Europeans. The males under 15 years of age were in the proportion The following were the proportions for and , and also those for the Europeans The comparison between the proportions in and must of course be accepted with some caution, as the similar proportions for the Maoris in were lower than in , although there was a decrease in the number of the Natives between and ; but the wide difference between the proportions of the two races evinces a very different degree of progress.
It will he interesting to compare the proportions of males and females living at each period of life with the similar proportions among the European portion of the New Zealand population, and also with those among the population in England. Although full information as to ages has only been given for 18, males and 15, females out of a total of 22, males and 19, females of the Maori race, yet probably the relative proportions among those whose ages were given may be accepted as prevailing among the whole of the race. The following is the proportion living at each age-period to the living of the whole population of the sex It will be observed how much larger the proportions are to the total population of the Maoris, both male and female, at age-periods above 40, than of the English or New Zealand Europeans.
The high proportion is not limited to the more advanced age-period, as though it were caused by a greater longevity of the race, but at each age-period above 40 the proportions are greater among the Maoris than among the other two peoples mentioned. It is, of course, a fair inference that the causes of these higher proportions are twofold, viz. This is borne out by the much smaller proportions of young children. These are not only considerably lower than those among the European portion of the population, but also than those among the population of England.
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The proportions to the whole Maori population of those living under 20 years contrast strongly with the similar proportions in the other populations. The following is the proportion living under and over 20 years of age to every of the population of each sex The small proportion of young persons among the Maoris appears alone sufficient to account for a decrease in the number of the race, but the different proportions between the males and females indicate also a great mortality among the Maori adult females. It has been previously stated that the females at all ages were in the proportion of The very much larger proportion of females than of males living under 20 years to the total of the respective sexes per cent, females to That there is a much smaller birth-rate among the Maoris than among the rest of the population;.
That there is a higher death-rate at all the younger ages of life; and. That there is in addition a much higher death-rate among the adult. Maori females than among the adult males.
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These conditions will have to be reversed, before any increase of the race can reasonably be expected. There were enumerated in the European census Maori wives not included in the above table of European husbands, and 1, half-castes living amongst Europeans. Thus, the total population of the colony amounted to , persons: , males and , females.
Showing the Habitations in the Colony exclusive of Maoris according to the Census taken on the 28th March, Showing the Inhabitants and Dwellings in the Colony according to the Census taken on the 28th March, N OTE. These last have been regarded as more probably living in inferior houses, and thrown into the number in the second column. Showing the Number of Dwellings Inhabited of all Descriptions in each. The population of the counties, together with that of the respective interior boroughs, is shown in Table XIX.
Population, persons; 12, males, 11, females. Population-1, persons; males, females. Population, persons; 14, males. Kilda, and West Harbour. Popultion, persons; 11, males, 11, females. Comparative Statement showing the Population of Counties, with Interior Boroughs, and Shipping, according to the Censuses of and Showing the Population of the Boroughs and Town Districts at the Census of as compared with the Numbers shown by the Census of Where there has been mast doubt as to the comparisons being strictly true, the figures for are given in italics and the letter T prefixed.
The districts were established after the census was taken, and it and it was not always possible to give the population on either side of a newly-selected boundary-line with perfect accuracy.