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With the exception of Ireland, the largest number of children to a marriage in either of the colonies or countries mentioned is in New Zealand, and it appears to be doubtful whether the number given for Ireland is not too large, as the registration of marriages is not so complete in that country as the registration of births. The numbers given represent the number of children born to a marriage; but a comparison of the strength of families in the several countries cannot well be instituted without taking into consideration the variations in the mortality of children.

These differences are thus shown:—. Death-rate of children under 5, New Zealand, Australia, and England.

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Consequently the average number of children in each family living to the age of 5 years would be as follows:—. Or for every families there would be the following number of children who had survived the fifth year of age:—. The very leading position held by New Zealand is undoubtedly due to the much lower rate of mortality among infants under 1 year of age.

The above numbers are in startling contrast with certain results shown by M. Jacques Bertillon, in a paper read before the Statistical Society of Paris on the 10th May, , in which the following were given as the average number of children actually surviving in each family in the Department of the Seine at the time the French census of was taken. Or to the 1, families about 1, children; but some of the families enumerated had been too recently married to have children. The number of marriages in was 3,, being only 15 more than in The marriage-rate was 5.

The following table shows the number of marriages to every 1, of the population in the several Australasian Colonies during each of the past ten years:—. Marriages: New Zealand the lowest rate for Australasian Colonies. If the marriage-rate be taken as an index of the prosperity of the people, it appears that the general prosperity has been greater in all the other colonies during the past ten years than in New Zealand.

The somewhat improved prices for produce and the large increase in the exports of the colony have not apparently been beneficially felt by the bulk of the population of New Zealand.

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This is no doubt caused by the whole of the increase being required as a set off against the interest remitted from the colony and, apparently, of capital withdrawn. Queensland seems to have enjoyed the greatest amount of prosperity. In New South Wales, which has been the second most generally prosperous of the colonies, there has been a decreasing rate since The rate in South Australia has decreased considerably during the decennium, indicating a less prosperous condition in the late than during the early part of the period.

The rate for Victoria shows a marked upward tendency during the past two years. The marriage-rate in in New Zealand was less than that in England for that year, and greater than that in either Scotland or Ireland; but it was below the rates of most of the European countries. The greatest number of marriages in occurred in the autumn quarter ending the 30th June, and the smallest in the September quarter ending the 30th of that month. Marriages have been generally most numerous in the autumn quarter, next in the summer quarter ending the 31st March, next in the spring quarter ending the 31st December, and least numerous in the winter quarter; but, while the proportions in the marriages fluctuate irregularly between the spring and winter quarters, there appears to be a steady order in the proportions between those in the summer and autumn quarters: thus, in each of the six years, to inclusive, the marriages were most numerous in the March or summer quarter, and in the nine years, to inclusive, they were most numerous in the June quarter.

The following shows the number and percentage of marriages in each quarter:—. Of the marriages which occurred in , 3, were between bachelors and spinsters, between bachelors and widows, between widowers and spinsters, and between widowers and widows. These include marriages between 7 divorced males classified as bachelors, and 5 divorced females, one of whom was a widow as well as divorced.

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The proportion of each class of marriage to all the marriages approximates very closely from year to year, thus:—. The number of marriages given does not include those between persons both of whom are of the aboriginal native race, these people being excluded from the operation of the Marriage Act, although they are at liberty to take advantage thereof; but only 10 marriages in which both parties were Maoris were contracted in according to the provisions of the Act.

Of the full number of marriages in the past year, , or There was an increase in the numbers and proportions of marriages solemnised by ministers of the Church of England, Presbyterian, and the Wesleyan and Methodist Churches on those in , but a decrease in the numbers and proportions of those solemnised by Ministers of the Roman Catholic Church and by Registrars. The following shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the four years , and the proportions of the persons of these denominations to the total population:—.

It is apparent that not only do the ministers of the Presbyterian and Wesleyan denominations solemnise all marriages between members of their bodies, but in addition many between members of other bodies: and that a large proportion of the marriages solemnised before Registrars consists of those between professing members of the Church of England.

As all marriages between members of the Roman Catholic Church are, by requirement of that Church, solemnised by the ministers thereof, it appears that fewer marriages in proportion to their numbers occur among the members of that Church than among members of other bodies. Of the men married in , 73, or The number and proportion of each sex that signed by marks was greater in than in The proportion signing by marks was, as in former years, greatest among the members of the Roman Catholic Church, and next greatest amongst those married before Registrars.

The following are the proportions per marriages in each denomination of those who signed by marks in each of the past four years:—. When comparing these proportions it should be born in mind that a large proportion of the marriages Registrars must be, as has been previously stated, nominal members of the Church of England. Of the persons married, 59 males and females were under 21 years of age; 7 of the males were under 19, 7 the females were under 16, and 25 between 16 and years of age.

The following are the proportions of m and women married at each age-period to every marriages during the past three years:—. Registrars of Marriages in New Zealand are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage d minors without the consent of their parents or law guardians, if there be any in the colony.

If a declaration be made in any case that there is no parent or lawful guardian in the colony, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage has been given.


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In case of minor, consent of parent or guardian, if in colony, necessary. The ages at which persons may contract binding marriage are the same as in England, namely, 12 years for females and 14 for males. Marriages may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of 12 or 14, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.

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For the period inclusive 12 females under 14 years of age have married. Of these, 1 was only 11 years old. During the same time only 3 males under 17 have married; these had all reached 16 years of age. The following statement gives the ages at which persons can contract binding marriage in each of the countries named:—.

The average age of the males in this colony who married in was In the case of the men this was higher than the average age The proportion of males under 21 who marry in England is much greater than in New Zealand; but the proportion of females under 21 who marry is much greater the colony. In of every marriages in England 6. In New Zealand the corresponding proportions were 1. Taking 10 years, for England and f New Zealand, in every 1, marriages the numbers under 21 years of age were as follow:—.

While in New Zealand the proportion of bridegroom under 21 years of age fluctuates within narrow limits, th proportion of brides under 21 years of age appears to steadily decreasing. This is evident from the following table, giving the proportions for each sex under 21 year of age in every marriages:—. Thus, in there were 7 fewer brides who were under 21 years of age in every than there were in , but only 1 bridegroom under 21 less in every 20 men married. The deaths in numbered 5,, being equivalent to a rate of 9. The rate 9. The death-rate in New Zealand contrasts very strikingly with those in the other Australasian Colonies and with European countries, and furnishes evidence of the great salubrity of the climate of the colony.

The following table gives the death-rates for a series of years in the several countries mentioned:—. The comparison of the above rates appears to place the Australasian Colonies as a whole in the foremost place for salubrity of climate and healthiness of people, New Zealand taking the lead by a wide interval; but a mere death-rate calculated on the whole population—that is, the proportion of all the deaths to every 1, of the population living in the middle of the year—although a very fair index of the sanitary condition of the population of the same country if compared from year to year, and also useful for comparing the healthiness of different countries whose respective populations contain a fairly-equal proportionate number of persons living at each age-period of life, cannot be regarded as a fair index of the comparative healthiness of new and old countries, or even of that of new countries one with another, when the relative proportions living at the several age-periods vary considerably.

Death-rates affected by proportions living at different age-periods. Of the forms of single death-rate that have been devised to furnish a better index of comparison between all countries, that proposed by Mr.

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It is thus described:—. It is essential that the model population thus used should be in a normal condition in regard to age, or, in other words free from such fluctuations and disturbances as are incident to the building-up and growth of the population of a new country. Such a population appears to be that d England and Wales. Then the actual death-rate per 1, persons living at each of those age-periods in the colony or country under consideration is used as basis to find what the number of deaths would be for the numbers given at each age-period in the model population. The result represents the total number of deaths in the colony per 10, persons living in the proportions as to age-periods given in the model population.

The result, however, of only computing the rates on deaths under 75 years of age is that the death-rates so arrived at cannot be compared with the death-rates of other countries in respect of which no information may be readily available as to the proportions of the population living at the several age-periods, and, consequently, as to the death-rates at ages.

The disturbance of the comparisons caused by including the deaths of persons over 75 years of age is not so serious as might be supposed. Thus, the general death-rate in England in was The New Zealand adjusted rate at all ages for was The difference being so small, it appears desirable to compute the adjusted death-rates on all ages, as then the published rates for European countries — in which, as populations are of a normal character, the proportions living at each period will probably approximate closely to those that obtain in England—can be compared with the colonial adjusted death-rates.

There is, however, this disadvantage: that the proportions living at each age-period vary in a colony from year to year, and they can only be correctly ascertained when a census is taken. Calculations as to death-rates at age-periods must therefore be considered to have an annually-increasing measure of error as the last census-date becomes more remote.

Illustration of method of computing adjusted death-rate. This amounted to a rate at all ages of The following table gives the death-rates for in the Australian Colonies mentioned, adjusted according to the above method, and also the ordinary death-rate for England and Wales, which is the same as the adjusted rate:—.

The difference between the adjusted rates for deaths a ages up to 75 years and for deaths at all ages, varied from 1. For the purpose of compiling the above also the next following table , the proportions living at each age-period have been assumed to be the same in each colony as at the time of the previous census, which was in New Zealand and Queensland, and in the other colonies.

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As, however, these proportions differ somewhat in each colony from year to year—a result of varying rates of increase in the population—it does not appear to be expedient to carry on the calculations for a later period than 5 years from the census-year. Annual adjusted rates for all these colonies cannot therefore be made with accuracy for the purpose of comparison until the proportions living at various ages have assumed somewhat of a normal condition. In considering the above figures it will be observed that, although New Zealand had an ordinary death-rate in much smaller than that in Tasmania, yet the adjusted death-rate shows a real rate of mortality in Tasmania for that year less than that in New Zealand, the higher rate in Tasmania being due to the larger proportion of aged persons in that colony.

The lower rates of mortality, as shown by the adjusted rates in New Zealand and Tasmania, are due to a much smaller rate of infantile mortality in these two colonies. The following were the death-rates per 1, persons living in New Zealand, the Australian Colonies named, and England, at successive age-periods, for the year —. Ordinary death-rates at age-periods, New Zealand, Australia, and England. The contrast between the proportions of deaths of children under 5 years of age in New Zealand and the other Australasian Colonies and England is very great.

The contrast is even greater if the death-rate of children in New Zealand for be compared with the other rates above given. In the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age was 2,, the rate, as above shown, being In the number of such deaths was 1, a decrease on of , in the proportion of This smaller death-rate of children is one of the principal causes of the lower general death-rate. Between the ages of 5 and 25 there is a greater general approximation of rates.


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At ages 25 to 65 the approximation is greatest between the rates in Tasmania and New Zealand, the rates in the other colonies being considerably higher. It will be observed that the death-rate, or, in other words, the liability to death, is less between 10 and 15 years of age than at any other quinquennial period of life. Of the 5, persons who died in These proportions are similar to those in , when they were of male deaths The following table shows the mortality in every 1, of each sex living at each age-period mentioned for the past three years.

It must, however, be observed that the numbers at each age living are only estimated on the assumption that the proportion at each age was the same as in when the census was taken; but, as the proportions vary somewhat annually, the degree of inaccuracy in these estimates increases with the greater length of time from the census-year:—. The mortality was in proportion to the numbers living greater among the males at each age-period except at those from , , , and years. The difference in favour of the females in infancy and old age is very pronounced. Of the males who died in , were over the age of of these, 95 were from 75 to 80 years of age, 96 from 80 to 90 years, and 8 over 90 years; 1 reached the age of 98, and 1 that of Of the females, 64 were between 75 and 80 years of age, 70 between 80 and 90 years, and 9 over 90 years: of these, 2 were stated to have reached the great age of years.

The combined ages of all the males who died amounted to , years, and those of the females amounted to 66, years, giving an average age at death of In the average age of the males who died was These averages were much higher than in , when that for males was The natural law in operation that causes the births of males to be more numerous than those of females is met by another law involving a greater mortality among male than among female infants.

In the number of male children born was 9,, the number of deaths of male infants under 1 year of age was , being at the rate of 84 in every 1, born; the number of females born was 8,, the number that died under 1 year of age was , being in the proportion of over 73 in every 1, born. Excess of male births met by high mortality among male infants.

The following gives the proportion of deaths of male and female infants at the ages stated to the 1, births of males and females respectively for the year , and also the numbers and averages for the ten years —. The probability of living during the first year of age is thus much greater in favour of female than of male infants. The results of the past ten years show that in equal numbers born there are—.