It also makes it difficult for us to trace contacts of an infected person. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. He had not worn a condom with the first woman, and for that he was convicted. Police contacting people as HIV-positive man charged with unprotected sex.
Talia Shadwell and Blair Ensor , Nov 29 These debates are a testament to the diversity and complexity of the community. Although you might begin your research with primary source material, such as photographs, newsletters and articles, reading what other people have written about your topic first will make it easier to get a broader understanding of the topic and put your primary sources into context.
For an even more general understanding of queer history, check out the following online encyclopedias:. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand includes a variety of audio and visual sources alongside the text.
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Similarly, NZHistory includes easy to read information, accompanied by visual media, on key topics in queer history, such as on Homosexual Law Reform and protest more generally, and key figures like Katherine Mansfield , Fran Wilde and Frank Sargeson. It is a good place to start for a broad overview of these topics. Books are often a great way of gaining an in depth understanding on subject matter, such as understanding in detail the lives of various significant figures or the unfolding of key events.
Alongside this, literature can provide a more personal, subjective insight through the stories that the authors choose to tell. It includes almost books and pamphlets and over magazines, periodicals and community newspapers, both of international and kiwi origin. A life lived twice , by Allyson Hamblett, tells the story not just of living as a transwoman in NZ, but living with disability too.
Crossing the Line: A question of identity by kiwi author Ngaire Vakaruru, set in New Zealand, tells the story of a queer teenager named Rory and his budding feelings for Fijian immigrant Jo. For those interested in lesbian history, Julie Glamuzina and Alison J. Ephemera are those everyday items which were intended only to be useful for a specific purpose and for a limited period of time, such as posters, tickets, or placards. The National Library is also home to a great collection of zines. Zines are typically handmade, noncommercial publications about niche or unconventional subjects; often an ideal platform of expression for queer artists and writers.
Te Papa Tongarewa, the Museum of New Zealand, has a fantastic collection of ephemera relating to queer history. Watching films and television shows, particularly documentaries, can be a great way to understand a subject in depth in a very accessible manner. Videos on a wide range of subjects can be accessed from the National Library. Given the political and legal marginalisation of the queer community in Aotearoa, government material is an important resource for consideration when writing queer history. You can use Archway to search their collection, but to view their items you must make an enquiry.
Hansard is the name given to the transcripts of the debates in New Zealand parliament. The speeches of and debates between Members of Parliament, about or by members of the queer community, provide an interesting political account of this history, and can be found at the New Zealand Parliament website. The New Zealand Parliament website is great for their collections of documents regarding the various bills and acts which group all related material - the history, the reports, the submissions and so on - onto one page.
You can read about the progress of the Marriage Definition of Marriage Amendment Bill , including all the Parliamentary Debates, submissions and reports.
The tide turns on HIV
These resources can also be found at the Virtual Democratic Infrastructure Group website. There is also an index to these submissions compiled by Phil Parkinson included with these sets of papers. The Auckland University Gay Liberation group additionally gave a very in depth submission. On the other hand, writing in opposition to the Bill, the Reformed Churches of New Zealand wrote their Homosexuality and the law: freedom at last?
A submission. The report can be found online as a PDF. A visual documentation of queer history can be found in newspapers, illustrated magazines, cartoons, photograph albums, posters, pamphlets, zines and a variety of other sources. Using visual material is a wonderful way to really bring the history of this often very colourful community to life.
Images are often organised into collections. Nonetheless there are many fantastic images to be found, even dating back to the nineteenth century. One can also search Image Aotearoa directly, and you can refine your search by both date and collection. Peter Wells article on the photographs of Fiona Clark of transpeople for the exhibition Go Girl in the early s showcases some of the controversial photo set.
Cartoons are generally intended to be humorous or satirical, and are often good sources when you want to understand what the general public may have been thinking about certain events or people, particularly those of a political nature. The Library has numerous cartoons about queer events and people, such as cartoons about homosexual law reform , marriage equality and Carmen Rupe.
For queer cartoons by queer people, see Rooster Tails by transgender man Sam Orchard. Orchard makes cartoons and zines about his own personal experiences as well as about queer life in general, for example his cartoon about his experience meeting intersex activist Mani Mitchell.
He publishes his work on his website , which is archived by the Library but is also currently live and still being updated. The cartoons from feminist magazine Broadsheet might also be of interest, as there are several that are lesbian-related. Some of the material which you may find useful has not yet been digitised. LAGANZ is home to a huge collection of manuscripts, which you can browse on the alphabetised online index and can request to view at the National Library. Factors associated with recent testing were determined using manual backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression.
Of 3, eligible YMSM, 1, New generations of YMSM require targeted, culturally relevant health promotion that provides accurate understandings about HIV transmission and prevention. Peer Review reports.
The tide turns on HIV
Access to and timely uptake of HIV testing is a necessary precursor to receiving the most effective care and treatment for people infected with HIV [ 1 ]. Processes around testing itself, such as counseling, may even help limit ongoing transmission risks among those uninfected [ 2 — 4 ]. Global increases in HIV prevalence among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men MSM [ 5 — 8 ], a reflection of both improved survival and ongoing incidence, present major challenges to effective prevention strategies [ 9 , 10 ].
As well as enabling ongoing spread in the presence of non-condom use, delayed diagnosis means that the most effective treatment cannot be offered to individuals. CD4 count of less than cells per microliter [ 16 ]. Previous research in New Zealand has examined HIV testing experiences among community samples of MSM [ 20 , 21 ], but no studies have focused on subgroups such as those under the age of HIV testing may be measured in a number of ways when used as a research or surveillance parameter.
Recruitment for GAPSS took place each year over one week in February: the first day at a community fair day and all subsequent days at gay bars and sex-on-site venues. Participants completed a short self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Detailed descriptions of the methods are described elsewhere [ 15 ]. Since YMSM who reported testing HIV-positive more than one year prior to the time of survey would not have tested subsequently, they were also excluded. A variable for survey year was included in all analyses to control for any change over time.
Participants were asked a number of questions about their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour related to HIV. Questions on sexual behaviour in the previous six months included specifically asking if they had had sex with any man or any woman.
How to use this guide
An ordinal scale was used to enumerate male sexual partners. Respondents were asked separately about regular sex partners, being men they had sex with four or more times, and casual sex partners, being men they had sex with on fewer occasions during that period. Various attitudinal statements related to condom use e.
Socio-demographic information included age in years , sexual identity, ethnicity, level of education, and attachment to the gay community i. Respondents were asked if they had been for a sexual health check-up or treatment in the past year for any sexually transmitted infection STI , and then if they had been diagnosed with one or more of a list of STIs in that period.
Data were analyzed to determine the prevalence of recent HIV testing and associated factors. Data analyses were conducted using the statistical package StataSE It was hypothesized that recent HIV testing would be associated with three potential collinear variables i. These variables were excluded from the multivariate analyses see below.
Independent factors associated with recent HIV testing were determined using logistic regression.
Univariate analyses were conducted to screen independent variables for an association with the outcome variable using a liberal p-value of 0. The final multivariate model was built using a manual backward-elimination approach. Likelihood ratio tests were used to test overall significance of variables prior to removal. Collinear variables were excluded from the analyses i. The mean age was Overall, Twenty-four YMSM 0.
After controlling for other variables in the multivariate model, the odds of having a recent HIV test were lower among YMSM: who were recruited from Internet dating sites compared with those from the community fair day AOR, 0. A final variable related to regular partner relationship length was significant in the multivariate model.
While comparing testing rates across countries may provide some benchmark, establishing what the appropriate level of recent testing should be is somewhat arbitrary. Actual HIV prevalence among MSM in New Zealand is lower compared with many other Western industrial countries [ 15 ], which may affect notions of risk and the need to test. Among YMSM with a current regular partner in our study, recent testing did not vary by type of regular partner i.
YMSM who reported being insertive-only during anal intercourse with their regular partner were less likely to have reported a recent HIV test compared with those that were both insertive and receptive. More research is needed to investigate behavioural differences among men who are either exclusively insertive or receptive and men who are both.